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selamectin (trade names, revolt manufactured by aurora pharmaceutical & revolution manufactured by zoetis ) is a topical parasiticide and anthelminthic used on dogs and cats. it treats and prevents infections of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and certain types of ticks in dogs, and prevents heartworms, fleas, ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats. it is structurally related to ivermectin and milbemycin. selamectin is not approved for human use.

usage
the drug is applied topically. it is isopropyl alcohol based, packaged according to its varying dosage sizes and applied once monthly. it is not miscible in water.

selamectin disables parasites by activating glutamate-gated chloride channels at muscle synapses. selamectin activates the chloride channel without desensitization, allowing chloride ions to enter the nerve cells and causing neuromuscular paralysis, impaired muscular contraction, and eventual death.

the substance fights both internal and surface parasitic infection. absorbed into the body through the skin and hair follicles, it travels through the bloodstream, intestines, and sebaceous glands; parasites ingest the drug when they feed on the animal's blood or secretions.

selamectin has been found to be safe and effective in a 2003 review.

selamectin has high safety ratings, with less than 1% of pets displaying side effects[citation needed]. in cases where side-effects do occur, they most often include passing irritation or hair loss at the application site. symptoms beyond these (such as drooling, rapid breathing, lack of coordination, vomiting, or diarrhea) could be due to shock as a result of selamectin killing heartworms or other vulnerable parasites present at high levels in the bloodstreams of dogs.[citation needed] this would be a reaction due to undetected or underestimated infections prior to using the medication, rather than an actual allergic reaction to the drug itself.

ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. it is a natural product. it is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection. it is also used as eye drops for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes).

common side effects include high blood pressure, headache, kidney problems, increased hair growth, and vomiting. other severe side effects include an increased risk of infection, liver problems, and an increased risk of lymphoma. blood levels of the medication should be checked to decrease the risk of side effects. use during pregnancy may result in preterm birth; however, ciclosporin does not appear to cause birth defects.

ciclosporin is believed to work by decreasing the function of lymphocytes. it does this by forming a complex with cyclophilin to block the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, which in turn decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines by t-lymphocytes.

ciclosporin was isolated in 1971 from the fungus tolypocladium inflatum and came into medical use in 1983. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. in 2017, it was the 248th most commonly prescribed medication in the united states, with more than one million prescriptions that year.

medical uses
ciclosporin is approved by the fda to treat and prevent graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants. it is also approved in the us for treating of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, persistent nummular keratitis following adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, and as eye drops for treating dry eyes caused by sj?gren's syndrome and meibomian gland dysfunction.

in addition to these indications, ciclosporin is also used in severe atopic dermatitis, kimura disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic hives, acute systemic mastocytosis, and posterior or intermediate uveitis with noninfective cause.[citation needed] it is also used, albeit infrequently, in severe rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases.[citation needed]

ciclosporin has also been used in people with acute severe ulcerative colitis and hives that do not respond to treatment with steroids.

cidofovir, brand name vistide, is an injectable antiviral medication primarily used as a treatment for cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis (an infection of the retina of the eye) in people with aids.

cidofovir was approved for medical use in 1996.

medical use
dna virus
its only indication that has received regulatory approval worldwide is cytomegalovirus retinitis. cidofovir has also shown efficacy in the treatment of aciclovir-resistant hsv infections. cidofovir has also been investigated as a treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with successful case reports of its use. despite this, the drug failed to demonstrate any efficacy in controlled studies. cidofovir might have anti-smallpox efficacy and might be used on a limited basis in the event of a bioterror incident involving smallpox cases. brincidofovir, a cidofovir derivative with much higher activity against smallpox that can be taken orally has been developed. it has inhibitory effects on varicella-zoster virus replication in vitro although no clinical trials have been done to date, likely due to the abundance of safer alternatives such as aciclovir. cidofovir shows anti-bk virus activity in a subgroup of transplant recipients. cidofovir is being investigated as a complementary intralesional therapy against papillomatosis caused by hpv.

it first received fda approval on 26 june 1996, tga approval on 30 april 1998 and ema approval on 23 april 1997.

it has been used topically to treat warts.

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